Tuesday, November 26, 2019
Burmese Python Snake Facts
Burmese Python Snake Facts The Burmese python (Python bivittatus) is the third-largest species of snake in the world. Although native to tropical southern Asia, the beautifully patterned, docile snakes are popular throughout the world as pets. Fast Facts: Burmese Python Scientific Name: Python bivittatusCommon Name: Burmese pythonBasic Animal Group: ReptileSize: 12 feetWeight: 15-165 poundsDiet: CarnivoreLifespan: 20 yearsHabitat: Tropical rainforests of southern Asia; invasive in FloridaPopulation: Unknown; rare in the wildConservation Status: Vulnerable Description The wild form of the snake has black-bordered brown blotches on a lighter brown background. Captive-bred species come in other colors and patterns, including albino, green, labyrinth, and granite morphs. Albino Burmese Python. Stuart Dee / Getty Images Wild pythons average 3.7 m (12.2 ft), but specimens exceeding 4 m (13 ft) are not uncommon. Rarely, snakes attain lengths between 5 and 6 meters in length. Females are slightly larger than males, but much thicker and heavier. Recorded weights of mature females range from 14 to 75 kg (30 to 165 lb), while weights of males range from 7 to 15 kg (15 to 33 lb). Dwarf forms of the snake occur in some parts of its range and in captivity. Habitat and Distribution Burmese pythons live in tropical regions of southern Asia, always near a permanent source of water. While they are excellent climbers with prehensile tails, they may be found in grasslands and marshes as well as woodlands and jungles. The species is invasive in the southeastern United States. Burmese python range in Asia. Termininja Diet Like other terrestrial snakes, burmese pythons are carnivores that feed mainly on mammals and birds. The snake is a constrictor that captures and kills prey by biting it and holding it with its rear-pointing teeth, wrapping its coils around prey, contracting its muscles, and suffocating the animal. Prey size depends on snake size. A young python may eat rodents, while a mature specimen can take livestock, adult deer, and alligators. Burmese pythons dont hunt humans, but they have caused some deaths. Burmese pythons adapt their physiology to prey availability. The snakes are opportunistic and will eat whenever prey is offered. Obesity is common in captive specimens. When fasting, the snake has a normal heart volume, reduced stomach volume and acidity, and reduced intestinal mass. Once prey is ingested, the ventricle of the snakes heart increases 40% in mass to aid digestion, its intestines gain mass, and its stomach enlarges and produces more acid. The Burmese python is an apex predator that doesnt face many threats by other animals. Hatchlings may be preyed upon by birds of prey and other carnivores. In Florida, Burmese pythons, depending on their size, may be preyed upon by alligators and crocodiles. Behavior Burmese pythons are primarily nocturnal. Younger, smaller snakes are equally comfortable in trees or on the ground, while larger, more massive snakes prefer the rainforest floor. Most of the snakes time is spent hidden in underbrush. The snakes can stay underwater up to 30 minutes and are excellent swimmers. In cold weather, the snake may brumate in a tree. Brumation is a period of motionlessness and low metabolism, but it isnt the same as true hibernation. Reproduction and Offspring Mating occurs in early spring. Females lay clutch of 12 to 36 eggs in March or April. They incubate the eggs until they hatch by wrapping around them and twitching their muscles to release heat. The female leaves the eggs once they hatch. A hatchling uses its egg tooth to break free of its shell and may remain with the egg until after molting before venturing out to hunt. Burmese pythons live about 20 years. There is evidence Burmese pythons, unlike most reptiles, can reproduce asexually via parthenogenesis. One captive female, isolated from males, produced viable eggs for five years. A genetic analysis confirmed the offspring were genetically identical to their mother. Conservation Status The IUCN lists the Burmese python as vulnerable within its range. All of the large pythons face challenges because they are killed to make leather, used in folk medicine, eaten as food, and captured for the pet trade. To a lesser extent, habitat destruction affects the snakes, too. While the Burmese python occupies a large range, its population has continued to decline. Invasive Species in Florida Meanwhile, the snakes population growth in Florida poses a significant threat to other wildlife. The Burmese python gained a foothold in the United States when Hurricane Andrew destroyed a python breeding facility in 1992. The escaped snakes spread into the Everglades. The release or escape of pet snakes has contributed to the problem. As of 2007, Burmese pythons were found in Mississippi and throughout much of Florida. Where the snakes are well-established, populations of foxes, rabbits, raccoons, opossums, white-tailed deer, panthers, coyotes, and birds are seriously depressed or have disappeared. Pythons compete with the American alligator and also prey upon it. Pets and livestock in affected regions are at risk, as well. Florida sponsors hunting contests; regulates the importation, breeding, and sale of reptiles; and works to raise public awareness of invasive species. However, Burmese pythons remain a problem in the southeastern United States. Sources Campden-Main SM. A Field Guide to the Snakes of South Vietnam. Washington, District of Columbia. pp. 8-9, 1970.Mazzotti, F. J., Rochford, M., Vinci, J., Jeffery, B. M., Eckles, J. K., Dove, C., Sommers, K. P. Implications of the 2013 Python Challenge ® for Ecology and Management of Python molorus bivittatus (Burmese python) in Florida. Southeastern Naturalist, 15(sp8), 63-74, 2016.Stuart, B.; Nguyen, T.Q.; Thy, N.; Grismer, L.; Chan-Ard, T.; Iskandar, D.; Golynsky, E. Lau, M.W.N. Python bivittatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2012: e.T193451A2237271. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T193451A2237271.enWalters, T. M., Mazzotti, F. J., Fitz, H. C. Habitat Selection by the Invasive Species Burmese Python in Southern Florida. Journal of Herpetology, 50(1), 50-56, 2016.Van Mierop, LHS and S.M. Barnard. Observations on the reproduction of Python molurus bivittatus (Reptilia, Serpentes, Boidae). Journal of Herpetology. 10: 333–340, 1976. doi:10.23 07/1563071
Friday, November 22, 2019
Intercepting Keyboard Input With Delphi
Intercepting Keyboard Input With Delphi Consider for a moment creation of some fast arcade game. All the graphics are displayed, lets say, in a TPainBox. TPaintBox is unable to receive the input focus - no events are fired when the user presses a key; we cannot intercept cursor keys to move our battleship. Delphi help! Intercept Keyboard Input Most Delphi applications typically handle user input through specific event handlers, those that enable us to capture user keystrokes and process mouse movement. We know that focus is the ability to receive user input through the mouse or keyboard. Only the object that has the focus can receive a keyboard event. Some controls, such as TImage, TPaintBox, TPanel, and TLabel cannot receive focus. The primary purpose of most graphic controls is to display text or graphics. If we want to intercept keyboard input for controls that cannot receive the input focus well have to deal with Windows API, hooks, callbacks and messages. Windows Hooks Technically, a hook function is a callback function that can be inserted in the Windows message system so an application can access the message stream before other processing of the message takes place. Among many types of windows hooks, a keyboard hook is called whenever the application calls the GetMessage() or PeekMessage() function and there is a WM_KEYUP or WM_KEYDOWN keyboard message to process. To create a keyboard hook that intercepts all keyboard input directed to a given thread, we need to call SetWindowsHookEx API function. The routines that receive the keyboard events are application-defined callback functions called hook functions (KeyboardHookProc). Windows calls your hook function for each keystroke message (key up and key down) before the message is placed in the applications message queue. The hook function can process, change or discard keystrokes. Hooks can be local or global. The return value of SetWindowsHookEx is a handle to the hook just installed. Before terminating, an application must call the UnhookWindowsHookEx function to free system resources associated with the hook. Keyboard Hook Example As a demonstration of keyboard hooks, well create a project with graphical control that can receive key presses. TImage is derived from TGraphicControl, it can be used as a drawing surface for our hypothetical battle game. Since TImage is unable to receive keyboard presses through standard keyboard events well create a hook function that intercepts all keyboard input directed to our drawing surface. TImage Processing Keyboard Events Start new Delphi Project and place one Image component on a form. Set Image1.Align property to alClient. Thats it for the visual part, now we have to do some coding. First, well need some global variables: var   Form1: TForm1;   KBHook: HHook; {this intercepts keyboard input}   cx, cy : integer; {track battle ships position}   {callbacks declaration}   function KeyboardHookProc(Code: Integer; WordParam: Word; LongParam: LongInt): LongInt; stdcall; implementation ... To install a hook, we call SetWindowsHookEx in the OnCreate event of a form. procedure TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject) ; begin  {Set the keyboard hook so we  can intercept keyboard input}  KBHook:SetWindowsHookEx(WH_KEYBOARD,            {callback } KeyboardHookProc,                           HInstance,                           GetCurrentThreadId()) ;  {place the battle ship in  the middle of the screen}  cx : Image1.ClientWidth div 2;  cy : Image1.ClientHeight div 2;  Image1.Canvas.PenPos : Point(cx,cy) ; end; To free system resources associated with the hook, we must call the UnhookWindowsHookEx function in the OnDestroy event: procedure TForm1.FormDestroy(Sender: TObject) ; begin   {unhook the keyboard interception}   UnHookWindowsHookEx(KBHook) ; end; The most important part of this project is the KeyboardHookProc callback procedure used to process keystrokes. function KeyboardHookProc(Code: Integer; WordParam: Word; LongParam: LongInt) : LongInt; begin  case WordParam of   vk_Space: {erase battle ships path}    begin     with Form1.Image1.Canvas do     begin      Brush.Color : clWhite;      Brush.Style : bsSolid;      Fillrect(Form1.Image1.ClientRect) ;     end;    end;   vk_Right: cx : cx1;   vk_Left: cx : cx-1;   vk_Up: cy : cy-1;   vk_Down: cy : cy1;  end; {case}  If cx 2 then cx : Form1.Image1.ClientWidth-2;  If cx Form1.Image1.ClientWidth -2 then cx : 2;  If cy 2 then cy : Form1.Image1.ClientHeight -2 ;  If cy Form1.Image1.ClientHeight-2 then cy : 2;  with Form1.Image1.Canvas do  begin   Pen.Color : clRed;   Brush.Color : clYellow;   TextOut(0,0,Format(%d, %d,[cx,cy])) ;   Rectangle(cx-2, cy-2, cx2,cy2) ;  end;  Result:0; {To prevent Windows from passing the keystrokes  to the target window, the Result value must  be a nonzero value.} end; Thats it. We now have the ultimate keyboard processing code. Note just one thing: this code is in no way restricted to be used only with TImage. The KeyboardHookProc function serves as a general KeyPreview KeyProcess mechanism.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Tobacco- Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Tobacco- - Research Paper Example Soon after its arrival in Europe, the crop became widely cultivated. The growth of its popularity in European nations was due to the supposed medicinal capability of the plant. In 1571, Nicolas Monardes authored a book on medicinal plants in which he praised tobacco as a medicinal plant. According to Monardes tobacco would cure approximately 36 health problems. It is such popularization, which spurred the use of tobacco in 1600’s to an extent that tobacco was used as a value exchange product. Tobacco was as good as money in the early 1600 period. The world did not know that what had become misleadingly acceptable would become a leading respiratory disease causing agent with carcinogenic effects (Randall 1). Currently, there are millions of men and women across the globe that smoke, chew and sniff tobacco products. However, smoking is the most popular form of tobacco use, and among the leading causes of preventable health conditions and death (Jiloha 64). This is partly due to the fact that there are numerous cigarette manufacturing firms, and cigarettes are easily available in most retail points. All these factors coupled with prolific advertising, encourage the development of smoking habits among the youth. According to Jiloha (64), an estimated 1.3 billion people smoke tobacco worldwide, and half of this population will prematurely succumb to some form of tobacco-related illness. Tobacco smoking accounts for 5 million deaths annually, with tobacco related illnesses being the second major cause of death (Jiloha 65). Modest estimates show that if the current trend persists, tobacco may cause approximately 10 million deaths per annum by 2020. The health sector is the most affected by th e use of tobacco because it causes many health problems such as respiratory and cardiovascular complications. The most common respiratory conditions resulting from prolonged tobacco use include chronic bronchitis, emphysema, cancer, and airway
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1
Movie Review Example The Associate has pleasantly developed characters such as Dianne Wiest, Tim Daly, Elly Wallach and Goldberg who is a brilliant financial analyst at a big Wall Street but suddenly finds out that having a man opens doors. The fact that brilliant mind such as Laurel’s cannot be recognized because she is a woman is unfortunate. It is further painful when Laurel forces herself to create a fictitious man called Cutty as her invisible partner and he is always out of town or on vacation thus making Laurel to cover for him. The man invented by Laurel turns up to be conspicuously successful in his operations thus making the public to demand to meet him (Petrie Film). It is interesting to watch Laurel enlisting skills of a celebrity impersonator so that she can appear at public events as a white man. The man whom Laurel impersonates does not seem likable and this gives the film its comical taste (Petrie Film). The male conquered society and ladder in the business world receives a blow when Laurel trains a man called Tim Daly who unfortunately gets promotion that Laurel deserves. However, Laurel who is disgusted by Tim Daly’s characters such as closing deals with clients at night decides to start her own firm. It is really amazing to see Laurel succeeding in her business in the name of nonexistent â€Å"Cutty†thus lying to even powerful investors. She is a very outgoing person and an extrovert who will not stop at pursuing what she wants. She is also sly and determined person who is largely daring. She does everything possible in her capacity to ascend to power. Goldberg is very brilliant and studious person who carefully uses her intelligence to perform her tasks in order to succeed. Goldberg does not regard gender issues and she is so bold that she does not care succeeding in a male dominated business world. He is self centered and male chauvinist who takes advantage of other people especially the
Sunday, November 17, 2019
Conan Doyle create suspense Essay Example for Free
Conan Doyle create suspense Essay Suspense is to create a state of excitement or anxious uncertainty about what may happen. This brings the audience more into the story and makes them want to continue reading. Crime fiction stories have and need suspense to draw in the readers and make the story much more interesting. This is what Conan Doyle is most noted for: his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, which are generally considered a major innovation in the field of crime fiction. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 22nd May 1859, Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle graduated with a degree in medicine from Edinburgh University in 1881. Dr. Joseph Bell was one of his professors who was an expert in diagnosing disease using careful observation. Bell showed Doyle how to create deductions about patients by observing them closely. People suspect Bell to be one of the models for Sherlock Holmes. Sherlock Holmes first appeared in 1887 in A Study in Scarlet. The Sherlock Holmes stories became very popular and famous. The Stand Magazine published the short stories in 1890 bit by bit, and this made the public want to read them more as the suspense made them buy the magazine again and again so they could find out what happened next. I will be explaining how Doyle uses tension and suspense in the Sherlock Holmes stories and how this makes the audience continue reading. In addition, I will also be describing the methods that Doyle uses. Furthermore, I will be comparing and contrasting the following stories: Silver Blaze, The Red-Headed League and A Scandal in Bohemia. The introductions of all three stories differ, yet they all pull the reader into the story and make them continue reading. The beginning of Silver Blaze is speech; I am afraid, Watson that I shall have to go, this raises many questions in the readers head such as, why is he going? where? how long for? and so on. The sudden statement is followed with quick, sharp questions and answers; Go! Where to? and To Dartmoor to Kings Pyland. These are sentences that utter surprise and intrigue the reader to ask even more questions. So the reader feels they must keep on reading. Instead of starting with speech, The Red-Headed League starts with a description of a very stout, florid-faced, elderly gentleman with fiery red hair. This creates an image in the readers mind and they wonder why Holmes is in deep conversation with such a man. Also, it is rather odd that Watson would mention the colour of the mans hair, perhaps the reader thinks it has something to do with the story and so reads on. A Scandal in Bohemia starts off extremely different to the other two stories. To Sherlock Holmes she is always the woman. This story does not start with speech such as in Silver Blaze, or with a description like The Red-Headed League. No, this story starts with Watson informing us about something, Holmess feelings and his relationship with this woman. The reader is intrigued as to why Holmes refers to her as the woman, why the is written in italics and why Watson is mentioning her to us. Also we want to know this womans name, which when the reader reads on finds out is Irene Adler. She is described by Watson as of dubious and questionable memory. We wonder why he illustrates her this way and what the connection is between Holmes and Miss Adler. Watson tells us that in Holmess eyes she eclipses and predominates the whole of her sex. So we are now asking why this is, what could she have possibly done to make Holmes think this of a woman. Also, the reader thinks she must have done something as the title of the story indicates a scandal. However, Watson continues to explain and the reader is captivated to read on. All of Doyles stories are structured in a similar way, meaning he begins with a detailed account of the crime that has happened or will happen, and then Holmes and Watson investigate the scene of the crime, and finally right at the end of the story the solution is supplied by Holmes and all becomes clear. This structural technique keeps the reader guessing for the majority of the story, leaving the reader in suspense until all is revealed at the end. Also, it creates a sense of stability because the readers know that the stories follow a certain order and that all will be revealed. This is excellent since the reader is (typically) given all of the clues and has a chance to play the part of the detective to try and unravel the crime, generally without success, which makes it more exciting, and the reader is kept in suspense for most of the story. Doyle uses language that seems relatively old to us but was normal for him in the 1880s, and this proves to be very effective because the words and general language are strong and varied, with a wide range of vocabulary used. The language is very formal yet easy to understand, apart from some words that had a different meaning from what they mean now, for example in Silver Blaze Doyle uses the word drag which was a private horse-drawn coach in the time that this story was written, whereas today we use the word drag to describe pulling something. In Silver Blaze Doyle makes Holmes tell Watson about the crime and what he finds peculiar about this case. Watson listens carefully until he notices something and says Did the stable-boy, when he ran out with the dog, leave the door unlocked behind him? Holmes replies, Excellent, Watson; excellent! This emphasises Watsons use as a plot device. Watson will ask the questions that the reader is thinking and Holmes will answer the questions giving clues along the story and making the reader feel like they are working alongside the detective to solve the crime. In Silver Blaze there is a paragraph on page 18 (Why should he take the horse out of the stable? ) where Holmes is asking a lot of questions, this makes the reader understand Holmess intelligence, that he does not overlook the things that we may consider small. In addition, it also makes the reader ask themselves the questions and try to work it out for themselves. Once again they feel like they are working beside the detective. Something that builds tension in the story is how Holmes and Watson are always talking about the case but never about the actual conclusion itself, more like dodging around the issue and never really reaching the conclusion until the end.
Thursday, November 14, 2019
The Beast Fable and Romance in the Nuns Priests Tale Essay -- Nuns Pri
The Beast Fable and Romance in the Nun's Priest Tale Chaucer utilized many literary forms when composing his Canterbury Tales. Among these forms he utilized were the beast fable and romance. We find elements of both of these forms in the Nun's Priest's Tale. Yet Chaucer was a decidingly original poet. When he took these forms he made them his. He often diverged from the accepted norms to come up with stories that were familiar to the fourteenth century reader yet also original. First let us look at the use of beast fable and how Chaucer diverged from tradition. One significant difference is that there is almost no human interaction with the animals. We have a brief description of the human inhabitants of the farm and then they disappear until the end. The true "humans" are the animals themselves as they possess almost total human qualities. For example, Chauntecleer and Pertelote are a "married" couple and bicker as humans. They also "love" each other. "He loved hir so that wel was him terwith" (VII. 2876). Most striking is the logical analysis both chickens are capable...
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
Cisco Systems Architecture Essay
Cisco is a company with a clear vision and an ambitious goal of becoming the global Internet expert. The company set its sights on challenging the norm of the time and working on making voice calls over the Internet free. Established in 1984 by two Stanford graduates, Cisco became the most valuable business on earth by March 2000. The company’s strategy is to provide a complete solutions offer to its customers through offering a wide product range and growing the business through acquisitions and business alliances. From its original core technology of routers, the company is now focusing in three independent networks of phone, local and wide area and broadcast networks. The turnaround point for the company was its database failure and forced two-day shutdown in 1994. This event highlighted the need to change company’s approach to systems replacement and the need to integrate all of company’s applications. The company decided to adopt new practices and retrain its staff rather than mirroring the â€Å"old and tried†. The decision was made to collaborate with Oracle to develop a single ERP solution to replace all current systems. The project was a success and was followed by replacement and standardization of all company’s platforms and applications worldwide. Further to this project, Cisco web-enabled all its applications, resulting in customer service, HR and supply chain efficiencies. Cisco’s success continues and is being made possible by its growth through acquisitions and strategic alliances (such as that with KPMG). The company is where it is today largely due to its effective integrated Internet business systems, resulting in great efficiencies for the company and its various stakeholders. 1) Cisco – Information Age Company. Cisco is far from being an Industrial Age Company. The main reason for this is that the company has been able to recognise the value in IT and use it to better their performance and achieve the desired growth. According to Weill & Ross (2009), it is a characteristic of an IT Savvy firm. To be more specific, through integrating their processes and applications into an ERP solution and then to proceeding to full replacement of all of its IT solutions worldwide, Cisco moved to a digitalized platform. According to Weill & Ross (2009), digitalized platform is an integrated set of electronic business processes and technologies. This would hardly be a characteristic of an Industrial Age company. Further to that, Cisco’s approach to implementation of its ERP solution and deciding not to mirror known and learnt old approaches but to make a bold move and rather retrain its people in new systems, demonstrates forward thinking and innovation, which is critical to get significant value fro m IT. Again this is a more fitting characteristic of an Information Age company rather than an Industrial Age company. In implementing the ERP system, the company successfully identified where it lacked necessary expertise and was not scared to outsource their needs analysis to KPMG and then the ERP project to Oracle, who had significant knowledge and experience in the solutions Cisco were after. The â€Å"outside the square†thinking allowed the company to focus on own competences and keep them in-house while tapping into the expertise of others through outsourcing and alliances. This is a definite characteristic of an Information Age company. Finally, keeping communication lines open across functional divisions and getting an input from across the business to avoid making the project an IT-only initiative and to ensure it addresses the real needs is another reason why Cisco is an Information Age company. 2) IT contribution to the company’s strategy IT greatly contributed to the company’s strategy to provide comprehensive one-stop-shop business networks solution for its customers, to set industry standards for networking, to systemize acquisitions and pick the right partners. Firstly, it was the company’s IP-based IT Architecture that enabled them to effectively and smoothly handle business acquisition and fully integrate these new acquisitions in a short period of time. Secondly, ERP implementation and application of web-enabled IT allowed Cisco to meet its goals of streamlining its internal processes and improving productivity, to improve customer satisfaction through the provision of online technical support, to pioneer net commerce and set industry standards and to achieve an extremely efficient supply chain. IT and systems implemented were at the heart of executing the company’s strategy. Thirdly, IT is an integral part of Cisco’s information system. According to Picolli (2008), information systems satisfy firm’s information needs and thus improve firm’s efficiency and enable it to achieve its goals. Being an important part of this efficiency improvement process makes IT a significant contributor to Cisco’s strategy. 3) The role of CIO Pete Solvik Pete Solvik’s role was integral in Cisco being able to derive significant value from IT and recognise it as a strategic asset as opposed to a liability. Prior to Cisco’s defining moment, it had the ambitious goals but the company was running standard operations not being able to support what it aspired to become. Solvik brought fresh visions and innovative thinking to the company. His initiatives were to redefine how IT was viewed internally and depart from finance cost centre reporting perception of the department. He was also able to see the limitations of Cisco’s systems and the potential of improvements. According to Weil & Ross (2009), when IT systems are deficient you need to first change the entire approach to IT. Only once this is accomplished can the digitalized platform be implemented. Solvik did manage to do that. Weil & Ross (2009) emphasize the need to strong leadership in turning IT into a strategic asset. And this is ultimately what Solvik’s role was in Cisco’s transformation.
Saturday, November 9, 2019
IIO course
For example, learning through trial and error how to interact with one's spouse or one's boss intelligently may be expensive for the person as well as for others in terms of emotional energy drained, career failure, or broken relationships. This course will take you through the accumulated wisdom on interpersonal skills. After all, wise people learn from others' experience and from the accumulated wisdom.Learning Goals: In addition to the course objectives mentioned above, students should expect to develop the following by end of the course 1 . Decision Making Skills and Analytical Ability : An ability to arrive at a feasible criteria for Implementation of a decision among a set of equally competitive possibilities : through quantitative and / or qualitative analysis of data and contextual information / industry analysis . Critical Analysis and Creative Communication Skills: Each student should be able to identify key issues relevant to this course, develop a perspective supported by externally obtained / instructor provided information ; capacity to distinguish between major, minor, peripheral and irrelevant factors as well as exogenous and endogenous variables ; and present and defend the decision arrived at based on the assessment criteria already established. . Interpersonal Communication and Group Working Ability: Each student is required to demonstrate an ability to appreciate peer group member view point and work In team environment, exalting a clear understanding of Individual roles and tasks, ability to Identify and resolve Required Text Book: Hunter, J. C. (1998). The servant: A simple story about the true essence of leadership (p. 187). New York: Crown Business.Additional Readings: as per course outline EVALUATION COMPONENTS: Components of Course Evaluation Percentage Distribution Class Participation You should come to class fully prepared with each session's prescribed readings completed (prepared means being capable of starting an educated discussi on or answering the facilitator's questions in class on any section). A deep and thorough understanding of the required readings is expected. Preparedness will be tested individually by asking questions to some students.If you are unable to answer questions satisfactorily, you will lose 5 percentage points of the weighted for this course each time you fail to answer a question raised by the faculty in the class (this means that if you fail to answer four questions in class, you will lose the entire 20% for class participation). Moreover, for each session you must summarize your insights n the form of a short sentence/phrase of not more than 140-characters (including spaces). This â€Å"tweet†for each session must be submitted on the web link provided to you before 0600 hours on the day of the session.The tweet must not be picked up from any of the prescribed readings, but is a summary of your insights from the readings. Do not share your tweet with others- if two or more stu dents have very similar or same tweets, then all concerned students will lose all marks for their submission. Quizzes (There will be one quiz at the end of the course, which will include only little-choice questions with h negative marking). 80% Total 100 COURSE MATERIAL AND HANDOUTS: Soft copies of course material including case studies will be uploaded in the blackboard.Hard copies will be distributed prior to the class and will be available at resource center SESSION WISE TOPICS AND READINGS: session NO-I Session Title Introduction students learn about leadership through service to others. Journal of Business Ethics, 15 (1), 103-110. Pedagogy Lecture and Discussion Session No-2 Session Title Introduction to Karma-Yoga Reading Material Karma in its effect on character. Karma-Yoga, 1-12. Hunter Prologue. Pedagogy Lecture and Discussion Session No-3 Session Title Leadership and Power Reading Material Hunter Chapter 1 (The Definitions).What is duty? Karma-Yoga, 52-64. Pedagogy Lectur e and Discussion Session No-4 Session Title Introduction to Servant Leadership Reading Material Hunter Chapter 2 (The old paradigm) Hunter Chapter 3 (The model). Pedagogy Lecture and Discussion Session No-5 Session Title Love and Leadership Reading Material Hunter Chapter 4 (The verb). We help ourselves, not the world. Karma-Yoga, 65-77. Session No-6 Session Title Managing the Environment Reading Material Hunter Chapter 5 (The environment) Hunter Chapter 6 (The choice). Session No-7 Session Title Why lead?Reading Material Hunter Chapter 7 (The payoff Hunter Epilogue The ideal of Karma- Yoga. Karma-Yoga, 117-131. ATTENDANCE Regularity in Attendance Regular attendance is considered extremely important in the BGP. All students therefore, must comply on regular attendance in class. The relative deduction of having attendance of less than 60% (irrespective of medical certificates) shall not be permitted to appear for the examination in that term/academic year and will carry â€Å"F†read in the course. Institute uses biometric attendance for recording attendance of students.In the event of two continuous sessions, students are required to punch twice at the beginning of each session if there is a break in between the sessions. The class room doors will be closed within 5 minutes of starts for each session. Student attendance will be a component while grading them for the course. If the instructor wishes to take physical attendance along with the Biometric attendance, they will communicate the same in the class. In this case also Biometric attendance ill be the official record (and not the physical attendance) for the course.Instructors have been advised to report about habitual absentees (habitual absentee is defined as students absent in the class for more than three classes consecutively). Unauthorized absence from class/institute will be considered a breach of discipline and the Institute will be free to take appropriate action in such cases. The same stu dent will be asked to face disciplinary committee. Students will not be given any attendance for any committee related activities which warrants them to drop from the class.They are required to undertake all committee related work beyond class hours. Under extra-ordinary circumstances, students may obtain leave of absence under the following rules and procedures: Prior permission of the Director BGP must be obtained for availing of leave. Students are not permitted to go out of station during the terms. In the event of students visiting their local guardian for overnight stay, they must inform the Director BGP and adman office (Officer in charge of hostels) and only travel after receiving a proper gate pass.If a student is noticed to be out of station for overnight thou any intimation to the Director BGP, disciplinary action will be taken against him/her to the extent of debarring the student from appearing in the examinations. In case of sickness, medical certificate issued and/or countersigned by the doctor along with the prescribed application form must be submitted to the BGP Office within 3 days of Joining classes after illness. No student shall be allowed to Join the program unless he/she presents a medical fitness certificate duly endorsed by a Medical Officer of the designated hospital only.No medical certificates from doctors there than the Institute approved hospital will be entertained. Institute's approved hospital's Medical Officers will issue medical certificates only in case of diagnosed illness where they are convinced that the student is too ill to attend classes. These include hospitalizing, communicable diseases (chicken-pox, jaundice and typhoid) and accidental injuries (fractures, deep traumas). Cases depending on the genuinely of the case by the BGP Director.However no compensatory attendance and examination will be held for the period of leave. Students will be awarded grades on the basis of their attendance level and reference only in t he classes from which they were present. Before applying for leave to the Director BGP a student should contact his/her course instructors to ensure that he/she is not missing any quizzes or examinations during the leave period. The BGP Office or the faculty concerned will not be responsible for the student losing any segment of evaluation on account of his/her leave.No compensatory opportunity will be given for quizzes and other class room based components on account of leave of any kind. Attendance and Performance Grade Penalty Each student is expected to attend a minimum of 80% of classes in each course. The grade penalty will be imposed on all the students who do not meet the minimum 80% attendance requirements in each course in the following manner: Attendance of Student Performance Grade Penalty More than or equal to 70% but less than One grade drop (e. G. From A to A-) More than or equal to but less than 70% Two grade drop (e. . From A to B+) Less than 60% F grade will be awa rded If a student gets D grade in a particular course and also gets a grade drop due to attendance shortage, ‘D' will become an ‘F' grade. If a student fails to meet the specified attendance requirement, his/her grade in the respective course(s) would be ordered by the Director BGP in accordance with the grade penalty rules laid down above. Exiting and Entering Students are expected to remain in the classroom, be mentally alert, and participate in the class proceedings for the duration.If a student must leave early for unavoidable reasons, that student should obtain permission from the professor before the class begins. Leaving and re-entering the class is not permitted, except under extraordinary circumstances. Faculty members may cross check the attendance and if a student is found absent in the class, the case will be sent to spieling committee and actions will be taken by the committee. Norms of Behavior Students should demonstrate respect for Faculty and fellow stud ents. Respectful behavior contributes to the enhanced learning experience.Students should refrain from disruptive behavior such as eating, using laptops, and holding side- conversations. Using laptops during is allowed only on the instruction of the proper forum instead of seeking an immediate solution. All grievances may be addressed to the BGP-Director or respective functional heads and in his absence, to the Executive Director. In such cases, a copy should be marked o the above. Respect the Facilities Students are expected to help maintain chairs, display screen, desktop computers, LCD, tables, window curtains and electrical fittings in good usable condition and not damage them or render them useless.Students are expected not to destroy the classroom ambiance. The cost of damage, loss or theft on account of students will be recovered from them. When this cannot be attributed to one student, the cost will be recovered from an identifiable group of which the individual is a part or from the entire batch. Students are expected to use cans to dispose of trash. They are also encouraged to remove defacing or unclean material voluntarily. Essentially, students should always use proper reporting and escalating mechanisms for concerns and issues.Under no circumstances should students take matters into their own hands. Students are expected to use only the students' dining hall for dining. Classrooms or any of the other administrative or academic areas shall not be used for dining. Great Lakes has adopted the principle of preserving the environment. Therefore, it tries to inculcate in the minds of its students and staff, a sense of being one with tauter causing no harm anytime, anywhere, and under any circumstances which will result in damage to the environment.Smoking, chewing tobacco and drinking alcohol in and around the premises is strictly prohibited. Severe penalties will accrue to those students caught violating this. Use of Laptops in the class Use of laptops in the class is strictly prohibited during class hours, unless specifically authorized by the Faculty or the Academic Administration. Biometric Readers: Bio-metric readers are installed for attendance in class rooms. Students must register their attendance using only these devices.
Thursday, November 7, 2019
A Study on the Effectivity of the Philippine Prison System Essay Example
A Study on the Effectivity of the Philippine Prison System Essay Example A Study on the Effectivity of the Philippine Prison System Essay A Study on the Effectivity of the Philippine Prison System Essay p. 406. 4 BECCARIA, OF C RIMES AND PUNISHMENT 96 ( 1964) . 5 PHILIPPINES ( R EPUBLIC) CONGRESS, SENATE COMMITTEE ON JUSTICE, LAUREL ON PENAL REFORM (THE STATE OF PHILIPPINE P ENAL INSTITUTIONS AND PENOLOGY), hereinafter referred to as the LAUREL REPORT. . 6 Ibid. , 11. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 63 2. Brief History of Philippine Prison System One of the most important facets of our criminal justice system is the institution of prisons. It is found to be an indispensable means towards societal survival and deterrence from further assaults against the state. Like any other institutions, the Philippine prison system also underwent some transformations. Pre-Spanish The pre-Spanish era was marked by basic political diversity. The main political unit was the barangay which exercised jurisdiction within its small territorial limits composed mostly of about 100 to 200 families. Consequently, there was no single criminal justice system and there was no single prison system in the Philippines. As a matter of fact, imprisonment as a penalty for law-violations was unheard of. There were no prisons to house any felon since punishment was mainly retributive in character. 7 Some historical documents such as the Code of Kalantiao (1433) prescribed death, incineration, flagellation, mutilation, swimming under water for a fixed time, ant treatment and fines . Those guilty of recidivism were beaten to death or exposed to ants for 1 day. Slavery or servitude was also imposed as subsidiary penalties for fines. All these indicate that the preSpanish criminal law was purely punitive and retributive. Spanish Regime Upon the in1position of the Spanish control, the European Criminal system was introduced in the Philippines. Those penal laws consisting of royal decrees, orders, ordinances, rules and regulations for the governing of colonies which were later embodied in the Re copilacion de las Leyes de India, became the base of the Philippine Penal Laws. The compilation also was the basis for rules governing prison administration. Vicente Liwanag in his doctoral dissertation gives us some idea of the Spanish penal rules. x x there were laws which prohibited the imprisonment of poor people in lieu of fines, rules separating men and women prisoners, the segregation of persons detained apart from those already convicted by the courts and the separation of prisoners of good conduct from those incorrigible character. Maltreatment of the prisoners was prohibited and so was the extorting of money from them as well as his use of their services by employers of the prison for personal benefits. The receiving of gifts in any form by prison employers from families of the prisoners was strictly forbidden while the briI)ging of food and clothes was permitted. Rigid search 7 LAUREL REPORT, op. cit. , p. 14. 8 See NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION, CRIME PREVENTION AND CONVICTION (FIRST NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON A STRATEGY TO CONTROL CRIME 3 (1976) . 64 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 was made of these articles in order to prevent the introduction of weapons. No alcoholic drinks were permitted to be brought in. 9 By 1887 the aforecited Recopilacion was substituted by the imposition of the Spanish Penal Code of 1870. Basically the Spanish criminal justice system was punitive or retributive in character. It also sought to segregate convicted criminals from the mainstream of the society. Punishment of criminals was undertaken by the incarceration of convicts for a period depending on the nature of the crime. Initially, prisoners were confined in jails under the jurisdiction of the commandancia of the province. There was no single penal system until the Spanish government decided to erect national penitentiaries. On September 12, 1859, the Spanish government opened for public bidding the construction of a prison to be known as the Carcel y Prisidio Correccional which would house about 1,127 prisoners all over the Philippines. lO Upon awarding the contract to Sixto Ejida Obispo for P268,083. 5, construction of the building began at Azcarraga, Manila. ll Seven years later, the building was completed. The prison which was to be known as the Bilibid Prisons was described as follows: It was composed of the following buildings: one building for the offices and quarters of the prison warden and 15 buildings or Departments for prisoners which were arranged radially and formed spokes. The central tower formed the hub. Under this tower was the chapel. There were four cell-houses for the isolated prisoners and four isolated buildings located on the four corners of the walls which served as kitchen, hospital and stores. The prison was divided in the middle by a thick wall. 12 Aside from the Bilibid prisons there were three other principal penitentiaries established by the Spanish government in Cavite, Zamboanga and the Marianas Island. American Regime Upon the withdrawal of the Spanish government, all prisoners were released and the penitentiaries were abandoned until 1905 when the American Army reestablished the institutions and created the Bureau of Prisons under the Department of Commerce and Police. 3 During the period, additional insular prisons were established: I wahig Penal Colony, San Ramon Prison (reactivated), Corregidor Stockade (phased out in 1941), Bontoc Prison, Correctional Institute for Women and the Davao Penal Colony. 9 LIWANAG, COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF OHIO AND PHILIPPINE PENAL SYSTEM 20 (1970). 10 Ibid. 11 Ibid. , p. 19. cit. , p. 25. Note: Act No. 1407 (1905), sec. 25. The Bureau was later transferred to the Department of Public Instruction and then transferred to the Departme nt of Justice. 12 LAUREL REPORT, op. 13 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 65 In 1924, Director of Prisons Ramon Victorio advocated the transfer of the Bilibid Prisons from the heart of Manila to a place outside the city because of the rapid increase of the prison population. 14 A committe~ headed by the Secretary of Justice was formed in order to study the feasibility of the proposal. In 1936, the city of Manila exchanged its 552 hectares of land located at Muntinlupa, Rizal for the Bilibid Prison which later became the Manila City Jail. 15 Thereafter, construction began and shortly before the outbreak of the war and before the complex was completed, the transfer of all insular prisoners was undertaken. During the war, the New Bilibid Prison at Muntinlupa was used by the Japanese for incarcerating suspected guerrillas and Japanese enemies. Upon the liberation of Manila, former American prisoners of war were confined at the New Bilibid Prisons for recuperation. The American period did not radically alter the penal philosophy of the Philippines. It continued to rely on the outmoded classical doctrine of free will which punished the crime rather than the criminal. The promul~ gation of the Revised Penal Code did not significantly change the philosophy~. It is also punitive in character, albeit with some redeeming features such as the mitigating and aggravating circumstances wherein the conditions or the circumstances of the criminal at the time of the commission of the crime are to be considered,16 In 1919 the Philippine Bar Association created a committee to investigate the conditions inside the national penitentiary. The committee found out that the prisoners were subjected to cruel and excessive punishment. I .? They singled out the bartolina which constitutes ot close confinement in irons with the prisoners hands chained to a post or wall at about the height of liis shoulder. A gag was also used occasionally to prevent the prisoner from making loud or disagreeable noises. This gag consisted of a piece of wood fitted to enter the mouth : of the prisoners. On the other hand, the institution of open penal farms was introduced. Prisoners with good record of behavior at the New Bilibid Prisons were transported to penal colonies at Iwahig at Davao to work as farmers in a~ atmosphere similar to a free society. Present Upon the establishment of the present Philippine republic, ideas of rehabilitation began to be advocated. In 1949, the Department of Justice 14 LlWANAG, op. cit. , p. 21. 15 Report of the Bureau of Prisons. 16 See Aquino, Crime Prevention and . Treatment of O/Jenders in the Philippines, in THREE MEMORANDA ON THE TREATMENT OF CRIMlNAL OFFENDERS AND PREVENTION CruMES IN THE PHILIPPINES 1 (1947). 17 See Raul Ingles, 50 Years with the Times: Lawyers Investigated Tortures OF of. Prisoners, Manila Times, January 14, 1969, p. 14-A. 66 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 issued rules for the treatment of prisoners which aimed, among others, at the reha,bilitation of the criminal. The purpose of the prison system was not merely to punish the crime but likewise to rehabilitate or correct the criminal. However, this did not significantly alleviate the actual condition of the prisons. The New Bilibid Prisons proved to be inadequate to meet the demands of growing prison population. The overcongestion, inadequate food, accommodation and idleness of the prisoners were cited as causes of the prison riots of the 1950s and the 1960s. The Senate committee on Justice of the Fourth Session of the Sixth Congress investigated the condition of he penitentiaries in 1968-69, and findings revealed the sub-human conditions inside the prisons. In 1971, the government erected two satellite camps to alleviate the problem of congestion inside the National Bilibid Prisons proper. The Camp Sampaguita houses the medium-security prisoners, the youthful offenders and the Reception Diagnostic Center. The Camp Bukang-Liwayway on the other hand houses the minimum-security prisoners who have served at least one-fifth of their maximum sentence. . By 1976, the Philippine government had more than 1,500 correctional institutions. Of this number, 8 are insular prisons under the direct supervision of the Directors of Prisons; 72 are provincial jails administered by the provincial governors; 65 city jails and 1,437 municipal jails 18 which are administered by the local police agencies under the Integrated National Police. C. Theories and Purposes of Prison System There are three main schools of thought or approaches with regard to the treatment of criminals. These schools of thought are better known as the classical, neo-classical and the positive or Italian. The first school of thought, the classical school, lays stress on the crimes not on the criminal. Punishment is retributive and punitive. It is standardized and proportioned to the gravity and nature of the offense. This school assumes that every individual has free will and knows the penal law. It is further postulated that man is rational and calculating. Thus, he will refrain from criminal acts if threatened with punishment to cancel the hopes of possible gain or advantage. 19 Curtis Bok in his monograph, Problems in Criminal Law, published in 1955 proposes that prison management should be conducted with rigid discipline, few privileges and no nonsenses. Prison should have maximum security, with high walls, floodlights, armed guards and steel bars. 20 18 NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION, op. 191 AQUINO, REVISED PENAL CODE 3 cit. , p. 7. (1961), quoting SEAGLE, HISTORY OF LAW 241 (1946) . 20 LAUREL REPORT, op. cit. , 46. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 67 Among the exponents of this school of penology were Beccaria, Rousseau, Montesquieu and Voltaire. The second school of thought is the so-called Neo-classical school. This approach to penology arose at the time of the French Revolution and the period immediately following. It maintains that while the classical doctrine is correct in general it should be modified in certain details. It argues that since childrenand lunatics cannot calculate pleasures and pains they should not be regarded as criminals or be punished. Mitigating and exempting circumstances are to be taken into account. The reaction to crime is no longer purely punitive, punishment is imposed upon some lawbreakers but not on others. By this approach it is necessary for administrators of justice to consider the psychology and sociology of the crime. 21 The third school of thought is the Positivist School. It views crime as a social phenomenon and attaches much importance to the criminal or the actor. Positivist criminology is reformative and preventive and individualizes punishment. It views the criminal as a sick man who needs not to be punished but cured. The prison then should be a criminology hospital rather than a place for punishment. 22 Not all prisoners are treated the same way so that those criminals who can be reformed are to be reformed and those who cannot be reformed are to be segregated or killed. 23 The main exponents of this school of thought were Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri and Rafaelle Garofalo. Theory of the Philippine Revised Penal Code The present Revised Penal Code, known also as Act No. 3815 of the Philippine Legislature approved on December 8, 1930, is a compilation of the penal laws then in force in the country, without radical changes in structure. The backbone of this code is the Penal Code of Spain of 1870, which was in force in this country up to December 31, 1931; and as such, belongs to the old or classical school. It is eminently retributive in its purpose, and considers crime only as an issue of free human will, as a judicial entity pure and simple, paying little or no attention to the person. 4 Before the Revised Penal Code, there was a proposed Correctional Code completed in 1916 by Rafael Pan, a member of the Code Committee created by Act No. 1941. This Code laid emphasis on the rehabilitative function, instead of the punitive feature of penal law. It was not adopted by the lawmaking body but some of its provisions were incorporated in the Revised Penal Cod e,25 e. g. , mitigating and exempting circumstances. 21 SUTHERLAND CRESSY, PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINOLOGY 260 22 1 AQUINO, op. cit. , note 19, pp. 3-4. 23 SUTHERLAND CRESSY, op. it. , pp. 260-261. 24 GUEVARA, PENAL ScIENCE AND PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL LAW 25 1 AQUINO, op. cit. , p. 1. (6th ed. , 1960) . 708 (1974). 68 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 Present trends also recognize that the purpose of the prison system need not be strictly punitive. Thus, it was stated in a working paper prepared by the Technical Panel, anti-disciplinary Committee in Crime Prevention (National Police Commission)26 that Correction has many purposes and it is important to recognize that correctional program can differ for various types of offenders. For instance, in sentencing the convicted murderer, the punitive and deterrent purposes are served rather than the rehabilitative. The contrary is true with respect to the deprived, ill-educated, vocationally incompetent youth who is adjudged delinquent. With him, rehabilitative and reintegrative purposes predominate. The Rules of Treatment of prisoners issued in 1960 by the Department of Justice includes progressive views regarding the treatment of prisoners but still considers as the primordial end of imprisonment, the segregation from society of a person who by his acts has proven himself a danger to the free community. 27 As per theory and implementation in the present set-up, prisons are for the punishment of offenders and the correctional aspect is only subsidiary. Philippine Penal institutions are not equipped with adequate facilities and properly trained personnel to shift from the idea of retribution and punishment to one which emphasizes individualized treatment of the con vict. IV. COM P ARATIVE STATUTORY RIGHTS OF PRISONERS/ OFFENDERS The climate of concern for human rights felt throughout the world culminated in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights which defines explicitly the rights of offenders even after conviction. The declaration includes, among others, protection from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading punishments, a fair and public hearing in the determination of criminal charges and presumption of innocence until proven guilty. The Philippine Constitution makes mention of a basic right which should be respected when a person is accused or even convicted of crime. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws. 28 Persons accused of crime are entitled to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, or quasi-judicial bodies. As a sanction to this mandate, the Constitution provides that a case or matter shall be decided or resolved from the date of its submission, shall be eighteen months for the Supreme Court, and, unless reduced by the Supreme Court, twelve months for all 26 Crime Prevention and Corrections; Working Paper prepared by the Technical Panel, Inter-Disciplinary Committee in Crime Prevention, in NATJONAL POLlCE COMMISSION, CRIME PREVENTION AND CONVICTION (FIRST NATIONAL CONFERENCE IN A STRATEGY TO CONTROL CRiME, Quezon City, July 22-24, 1976). 27 Rule 1 (a). 28 CONST. , Art. IV, sec. . 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 69 inferior collegiate courts, and three months for all other inferior courtS. 29 It is of common knowledge that a person accused of having committed a crime, is arrested and immediately put to jail. It seems to run counter to another constitutional provision which provides that in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved. 3o T here were many instances when a person pronounced not guilty had stayed within the four walls of a prison cell for a longer period of time than if proved guilty. It would seem that the culture and the legal and administrative structures of a country determine in large measure the manner in which such country addresses itself to issues related to the rights of prisoners. Sweden and other Scandinavian countries have included in their Constitution or laws, the creation of ombudsman, an agency to elevate citizens grievances to include prisoners. New Zealand followed the Swedish model. Different approaches have been evolved in other countries. USSR and some socialist countries have their Procurados General vested with the primary responsibility for assuring the uniform application of law. In other countries, independent boards perform comparable functions to that of the Civil Liberties Bureau of the Ministry of Justice in Japan where the Bureau is vested with the power to investigate and collect informations concerning cases involving violations of human rights. In recent years, the United States and a few countries have witnessed an unprecedented involvement of the courts in the effort to define the limits of administrative discretion relative to human rights. I n some European countries, special judges are appointed to monitor the lawful execution of sentencing, which is in fact, an order of the court. In Italy, the Penal Code provides for a surveillance judge whose responsibility is to assure the proper and legal application of the sentence. France, Poland, Portugal and Brazil have similar provisions in their Penal Codes. 3 ! The debate about the appropriate role of the correctional institution is expected to continue and one unresolved question is about the extent the correctional system should have on the responsibility or the authority to employ measures designed to change human behavior and attitudes. Conversely, to what extent has the prisoner the right to reject, without prejudice, programs designed to correct or rehabilitate him? In a number of countries the primary objective of the prison system is to reform the convict through labor or through a process of reeducation that will ensure the subordination of individual interests to those of the larger society. The recognition of the existence of human rights does not necessarily guarantee that they will be extended to persons charged or convicted of crime. It is of paramount importance that effective grievance system is provided the prisoner to seck 29 CONST. , Art. X, sec. 11. 30 CONST. , Art. IV, sec. 19. 31 Five Piilars Of the Criminal Justice System. 70 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 redress for the infringement of any of their rights as recognized in the Standard Minimum Rules advocated by the United Nations. V. PRESENT SET-UP (IMPLEMENTATION) The effect of rules, concepts and ideals cannot be felt unless converted into action. An examination of the actual implementation of the rules and avowed policies of the Philippine prison system is in order. Several variables affect the implementation among which are the enforcing officers, the classification of prisoners, the treatment of officers, specially their living conditions and day to day activities. These factors if not properly handled will frustrate the lofty ideals for which the prison system is purported to be established. A. Enforcing Officers One important variable of our penal system is the quality of the officers duty bound to enforce the two avowed purposes of the penal system: to segregate and rehabilitate the prisoners. Organization The overall coordinator of the countrys penal institutions is the Bureau of Prisons, which is directly under the Secretary of Justice. The Bureau of Prisons is primarily in charge of the national penitentiaries and exercise supervisory powers over the provincial, city and municipal jails. Careful analysis of the organizational chart reveals a discrepancy between the avowed rehabilitative purpose of the penal system and the actuality. One would note immediately that there is no major department with the single purpose of taking care of the rehabilitative aspect of the prison. The only office that may be related to this purpose is that of the Inmate Guidance Supervisor which merely advises the Director concerning individual guidance counselling. Furthermore, the supervisor does not have a staff to undertake researches, implementation and coordination of the rehabilitative treatment. It may be true that the Bureau has an office of Penal Production Coordinator which coordinates the agricultural and industrial production of the correctional institutions but such activity, although it may be included in work-therapy may just be profit-oriented unless such activities are made with the ultimate design of rehabilitation. The Reception Diagnostic Center which should have been the nerve center of rehabilitation suffers from two defects: ( 1) The center merely recommends the kind of treatment that an individual prisoner should receive. It has no power to supervise the implementation of the treatment and (2) the center is directly under the New Bilibid Prisons when in fact the center classifies and recommends treatment not only for New Bilibid prisoners but also for prisoners of the Bureaus penal colonies. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 71 The following chart shows the organizational structure of the Bureau of Prisons: Office of the ~rector :Office of the Assistant Director : ;:ienior Executive : ASsistant II :1l edical Adviser :Legal Off icer :IllIllate Guidance supervisor Office of Penal Production Coordinat or : . Accounting . Div. ; iAdminis-: =trative : : Div. Budget Finance Div. :: Gen4ral services: Div. :J1edic al: Div. SUpply Div. i~ew i l:lili-: oi d ! ri son :Correc:tional : Insti:tute for: women Iwahig : ~rison ~enal . a:: : San Ra-: :mon : penal . : Davao : :Prison a: lienal :i;arm : Sabla- s;y stem :$1- - :yan :Pri son : :a: Pel4al: : I arm Leyte Regional Prison The chart also indicates that the Bureau has only nominal supervisory power over the provincial jails and the city and municipal jails inasmuch as the jails are financially supported by their respective local governments. 2 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 The Batangas Provincial Jail Organizational chart shows: Provincial WQr4en A,dministrative Support supervla1ng COnsctional QlWZcl A cursory examination of the chart indicates that there is no office or division designed to provide rehabilitation services. The chart indicates only two major divisions: administrative staff and the custodial staff. There is even no classification Boar d. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 73 The same situation may be observed in the organizational chart of the Quezon City Jail. SsiMant City IillXd811 cl: SUpply s. cur~~y Property section s. ction l! ranaportat~on and Maint ellllc. tion Nevertheless, in a recent conference conducted by the National Police Commission, the Commission came up with a proposed standard organizational chart: Deput) Warden Adm1n1s. In the new chart, the Rehabilitative division is given significance. If the above chart is to be implemented, great stride towards penal reform may be achieved. But up to now, the Philippine penal system neglects the rehabilitative aspect of penology. 74 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL VOL. 52 Personnel Qualification and Training Like other Bureaus in the government, the Director of the Bureau of Prisons is a presidential appointee and all others are appointed in accordance with Pres. Decree No. 807. On the other hand, the jails are manned by the members of the Integrated National Police. The Office of the Director today is occupied by a retired army general whose training and orientation may not be adequate to serve the rehabilitative purpose of the penitentiaries under him. In an interview with Professor Pedro Solis of the V. P. College of Law who made a comparative study on European penology, he said that modern prison systems are headed by technical men who have specialized in penology and prison administration. Furthermore, the Assistant Director of the Bureau confessed that he was an engineer by profession. In theory, appointment to the prison staff must conform with the minimum qualifications laid down by the Wage Position Classification Officer (WAPCO). All positions in the staff including that of driver, and janitor require corresponding eligibilities. For instance, a prison guard must have any combination of training and experience equivalent to graduation from second schools and one year service in military or civilian guard work. Interviews with high ranking officers of the guards showed that the WAPCO classification for the recnJitment of guards is not being followed. The actual minimum requirements observed are those of height and weight. A guard must be 55 tall and must have a weight of 120 Ibs. The vaunted Reception Diagnostic Center is also not free from some criticisms. In the first place, the RDC is under the Superintendent of the New Bilibid Prisons whose orientation is entirely different from that of the RDC. The Superintendent transferred the Centers psychiatrist to the National Bilibid Prisons hospital, thus depriving the center of the services of a psychiatrist in the personality analysis of prisoners. It was observed that the center used to have permanent guards who had been trained to observe and report behaviors of individual prisoners. The reports made by these guards were vital in the diagnosis and classification of each prisoners. These guards have also been transferred to be ordinary custodial guards of the maximum-security prison. The center is now headed by a former school teacher and not by a psychologist or sociologist. It was also noted that the center lacks sufficient technical personnel. It only has four psychologists, four sociologists, one penal psychiatrist and one penal institution teacher, when in fact there are about 8,000 inmates inside the New Bilibid Prisons. 1977] PIDLIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 75 The guards may be considered to have an important role in rehabilitation. Amongst the prison personnel, they are the persons who are in frequent contact with the inmates. As such they ought to be trained as agents of rehabilitation. But observations and interviews showed that training of guard merely relate to the custodial aspect. The chief of the Reception Diagnostic Center might be availed of to help train the guards for rehabilitative work but so far the Bureau has not taken steps in this direction. The provincial and city jails are in the same situation. They do not have any jail personnel to implement the jails purpose of rehabilitation. The personnel and guards are recruited from the police forces who are not especially trained for jail operation. According to the city warden of Quezon City, the rehabilitation cannot be undertaken by policemen whose training and orientation is punitive in character. The fact that they are policemen may prevent a friendly guard-inmate relationship necessary for rehabilitation. Personnel-Inmate Relationship Interview of 10 inmates was undertaken in order to determine the inmates impression of the prisons personnel. The determination of their opinions may be significant indicators of personnels effectiveness in the rehabilitation aspect. As a psychological rule, it is difficult to rehabilitate a prisoner when from his point of view the rehabilitator is also in need of treatment. It must be noted that the truth of the accusations made by prisoners is immaterial for the purpose of this paper. What is important is to determine the prisoners feeling towards their teacher. The most serious complaint aired by the inmates interviewed CO:lcerns their food allowance. According to data gathered, the food allowance for each prisoner is P4. 50 per day. However, it was alleged that wh~. t is actually spent for the prisoners food is only P1. 0. They said that the rest of the allowance are withheld or pocketed by certain officials and personnel of the Bureau. Consequently, the food served to them is not fit for human consumption. As a matter of fact, they said that they deliberately make it not palatable so that there will be more left-overs for the personnels private piggeries. It is to be wondered why there are blunt weapons insi de the prisons when in fact visitors are well inspected before entering the premises. The respondents said that these weapons were brought in by the guards themselves and sold to them for exorbitant prices. The respondents were asked what they thought about the guards. They said that they are agitators. They make intrigues to induce gang warfare in side the penitentiaries. Several reasons were cited by the respondents: ( 1) It is in the best interest of the guards to keep the gangs from being 76 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 united, for it would be difficult to confront about 8,000 prisoners united against them. (2) The riots and gangs were a cover-up for the guards corrupt practices inside the prison. (3) Animosity between gangs increases demands for weapons which are sold by guards. Aside from weapons, it was also stated that the guards also sell other commodities such as food, liquor, soap also at exorbitant prices. They said that a commodity which is worth P3. 00 outside is sold inside for the amount of PI5. 00. It is also significant to note that they named about four guards who are notoriously engaging in the lucrative business. Moreover, respondents thought that some guards are mentally insane. There was one guard who with the usc of a riot shot gun fired point blank against some prisoners playing cara cruz. When asked why, he said that he thought they were dragonflies. Although the guard is now under technical arrest, prisoners think that he will be acquitted and will resume his position as guard soon. There are more accusations against the personnel, and whether or not they are true, the responses show an unhealthy relationship between the personnel and the inmates. B. Prisoners 1. Classification Crime is a social disease. Like its kind which afflicts the body, crime has its causes, its history; it can lead to complications more serious, more malignant; it can be fatal. Thus, through the ages, society has devised a succession of systems and manner of dealing with the ailment, each one a reflection of the mood and temper of time. Indeed, the treatment of crime and the criminal has become one of the most unfailing tests of the civilization of any country. The prison of today is a clinic where the afflicted member is segregated, diagnosed, treated and rehabilitated with the view of returning him to the fold of the normal community, equipped with a healthier sense of values and prepared to accept the responsibilities of community life. The initial an d often the most crucial step in any treatment process is classification and the prescription of treatment procedure. a. Municipal or City Prisoners Any person detained or sentenced for violation of a municipal or city ordinance; a person detained pending trial before a municipal or city court; a person detained by order of a judge of a municipal or city court pending preliminary investigation of the crime charged until the court shall demand him to the Court of First Instance; and a person who by reason of his sentence may be deprived of liberty for not more than thirty (30) days. The imposition of subsidiary imprisonment shall not be taken into consideration in fixing the status of a prisoner 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM IS 77 hereunder except when the sentence imposes a fine only. He to the municipal or city jail. 32 committed A visit made at the Quezon City Jail (taken as a sample) shows the following break-down of the classes of prisoners: . Detention Prisoners a. male b. female Detention Prisoners under P. D. 1081 a. male b. female Sentenced Prisoners a. Insular (National) b. Local c. Correctional Institution City Prisoners a. ale b. female Minors a. male b. female Total No . 336 12 24 o 1 o o 10 o o o 393 33 b. Provincial Prisoners Any person detained pending preliminary investigation before the Court of First Instance; a person who by reason of his sentence may be deprived of liberty for not more than one year or is subjected to a fine of not more than P500 or is subjected to both penalties, but if a prisoner receives two or more sentences in the agg regate exceeding the period of one year, he shall not be considered a provincial prisoner. The imposition of subsidiary imprisonment shall not be taken into consideration in fixing the status of a prisoner hereunder except when the sentence imposes a fine only. He is committed to the provincial jai1. 34 A visit made at the Batangas Provincial Jail (taken as a sample) shows the following breakdown of the classes of prisoners: Detention Prisoners a. male b. female No. 87 1 32 PHILIPPINES (REPUBLIC) DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, RULES FOR TIlE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS, 1960, Sec. 2(1). . -33 As per Quezon City Jail Records (September 2, 1977). 4 PHILIPPINES (REPUBLIC) DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, RULES FOR THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS, 1960, Sec. 2(2). 78 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 Provincial Prisoners a. male b. female Insular (National) Prisoners a. male b. female Total 14 o 5 o 107 3S c. National Prisoners Any prisoner who is neither municipal! city nor provincial prisoners shall be considered national prisoner; also a person sentenced for violation of the customs law or other laws within the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Customs or enforceable by it. He is committed to the Bureau of Prisons. 36 A convicted person classified as an insular or national prisoner is transferred from a municipal or city or provincial jail to the New Bilibid Prison at Muntinlupa, Rizal. He has to be further classified into maximum, medium or minimum prisoner. In our penal set-up, this function is handled by the Reception and Diagnostic Center, which is a relatively new development in the field of correction. As an institution, it started functioning only on October 1, 1953. CLassification The involved process of diagnosis begins from the time the individual offender is received at the Center, which is the only institution of the Bureau of Prisons assigned such function. Hence, within the limited framework of staff and facilities, every effort is made to determine the individual inmates physical inadequacies, his character disorders, his educational, social and vocational needs, his moral weaknesses as well as his strength. All this effort is geared to the creation of multi-dimensional pictures of the inmates an individual with characteristics that are solely his own. This individuality demands treatment programs with uncontained flexibility and range to meet the diverse needs and problems of as many types of prisoners as there are prisoners. Admission-Orientation Program During the first two weeks or so, the newcomer is confined at the quarantine cell where he undergoes an orientation of prison life. He is also examined in order to see whether he is in need of medical attention or suffering from diseases which may necessitate his segregation from the rest of the prison population. 5 As per Batangas Provincial Jail Record (August 10, 1977). 36 PHILIPPINES ( R EPUBLIC) DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, RULES FOR THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS, 1960, Sec. 2(3). 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 79 Diagnostic Program After the quarantine period, the newcomer undergoes extensive interviews which seek to probe into his family history, his educational background, his mental condition, his personality make-up and intellectual functioning, his social and vocational history and even with his plan upon release. Those with certain skills or appropriate academic training may be given pre-classification or exploratory assignments in any of the various sections of the center. Illiterates are enrolled in adult education classes. Religious counselling and cathecisms are conducted regularly. T reatment Planning All the data gathered in the interviews and tests together with the observations and recommendations of the staff become part of the individuals prison record and forms the basis for individualized programs of treatment. In the process of treatment planning, a multiplicity of factors are further considered, such as length of sentence, recidivistic tendencies, type of crime and degree of involvement, availability of prison equipment and staff, the inmates region of origin and many others. The Staff Interview Finally, after a period of about two months, the individual is called to a staff interview, where with his individual participation, the program directed toward his rehabilitation is laid out and set on record. This covers the following areas: 1) degrees of custody, 2) work assignment, 3) academic training, 4) medical, psychological, psychiatric and sociological recommendations. After the staff interview the inmate is then discharged from the Center and transferred to any of the following institutions to which he was recommended: New Bilibid Prison A mixed custody type of institutions for recidivists, instructable offenders and security risks, and medical and psychiatric cases. Short termers and those who have served a prescribed portion of their term in good behavior are given minimum security privileges. Maximum prisoners are those who are encarcerated within the four walls of the prison and wear orange uniforms; medium prisoners have the blue or gray uniform and for the minimum prisoners, those otherwise known as the living out prisoners sport the brown suit. Iwahig and Sablayan Penal Colonies a mllllmum security facility for first offenders with relatively long sentences, who should profit from a relatively conducive rural setting. They have extensive agricultural proj- 80 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL-52 cts, livestock and fishery, hospitals, general utility and maintenances, institutional and religious services, adult educational classes. Davao Penal Colony basically the same type of prisoners as those assigned to the Iwahig and Sablayan Penal Colonies but needing closer custodial supervision. Besides having similar activities, Davao has some manufacturing activities and industrial shops. San Ramon Prison Penal Farm Maximum security prison with a . Â · satellite farm and extens ive coconut plantation. Manila Office For medium security prisoners. It provides janitorial and maintenance services for government building in the Greater Manila area. 37 The Reception and Diagnostic Center is so organized to insure the success for which it has been established. It has the following staff: ( 1) (2) (1) ( 1) ( 1) (3) (3) (2) (2) ( 1) (1) (1) ( 1) (3) ( 10) Inmate Classification Coordinator Penal Psychiatrist Penal Institution Education Supervisor Penal Institution Teacher Senior Guidance Psychologist Guidance Psychologists Sociologists I Social Workers Inmate Interviewer Vocational Placement Officer Senior Clerk Clerk Supervising Prison Guard Senior Prison Guard Prison Guard The question, however, is whether or not this framework remains only on records or is an actual reality. The Superintendent of the Center is frank enough to admit that the ideal organization remains in theory. For instance, never was there a psychiatrist in the center. The Superintendent considers his positions as a tough one. He relates that before, there were prison guards as may be seen from the chart, who were trained to observe the behavior and actuations of prisoners in the RDC. However these guards were transferred to the New Bilibid Prison. Without the knowledge of the Reception and Diagnostic Center in many instances, prisoners are already classified into maximum, medium or minimum without an indication of the basis of the classification and without participation of the RDC. This practice und~rmines the purpose for which the RDC was established. 37 As per interview, Mr. Arturo Bustria, Superintendent, RDe. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 81 c. Treatment of Prisoners Imprisonment and other measures which result in cutting off an offender from the outside world are afflictive by the very fact of taking away from the person the right of self-determination and depriving him of his liberty. Therefore the prison system should not, except as an incident to justifiable segregation or maintenance of discipline, aggravate the suffering inherent in such a situation. The purpose and justification of a sentence of imprisonment on a similar measure deprivative of liberty is ultimately to protect society against crime. This end can only be achieved if the period of imprisonment is used to ensure, so far as possible, that upon his return to society, the offender is not only willing but able to lead a law-abiding and self-supporting life. To this end, the institution should utilize all the remedial, educational, moral, spiritual and other forces and forms of assistance which are appropriate and available, and should seek to apply them according to the individual treatment needs of the prisoners. The regime of the institution should seek to minimize any differences between prison life and life at liberty which tend to lessen the responsibility of the prisoners or the respect due to their dignity as human beings. These general guiding principles on the treatment of prisoners are provided for in the standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. Such rules apply only to sentenced prisoners. We now consider the daily activities of prisoners at the New Bilibid prisons and see how these guiding principles are applied to them. 1. Living Conditions a. Accommodations Sections 6-10 of Article IV of the Rules for Treatment of Prisoners (1960) describe what kind of accommodations must be provided by the Institution for the use of prisoners: Sec. 6. All accommodations provided for the use of prisoners and in particular all sleeping accommodations shall meet all requirements of health, due regard being paid to climatic conditions and particularly to cubic content of air, minimum floor space, lighting, heating and ventilation. Sec. 8. The sanitary installations shall be adequate to enable every prisoner to comply with the needs of nature when necessary and in a clean and decent manner. Sec. 9. The bathing and shower installations shall be adequate to enable every prisoner to make full use of them according to reason. 82 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL VOL. 52 Sec. 10. All parts of the institution regularly used by the prisoners shall be properly maintained and kept scrupulously clean at all times. During the visits made by the group to the New Bilibid Prison, Provincial Jail of Batangas, Quezon City Jail and the Municipal Jail of Romblon, it was noted that the above-mentioned rules, in most cases, were given only lip service. Congestion se ems to be the perennial problem of Philippine prisons. This was particularly observed in the New Bilibid Prisons which has a capacity of 3,500 prisoners but which currently houses more than 8,000 prisoners. Sleeping accommodations is a far cry from that provided for by law. Even minimum comfort on the part of the prisoners is not provided. The authorities do not supply mattresses or pillows. The cells are uncomfortably cold and damp. Sleeping accommodations are so meager that prisoners are constrained to sleep in corridors. It would not be surprising then to know that prisoners would rather get sick and enjoy the comfort of hospital beds than be healthy and stay in their cells. Bathing and shower installations for the prisoners leave much to be desired. Toilets do not work properly. They are very dirty and not fit for human use. Also, there are not enough toilet facilities. Many times prisoners have to forego their morning rituals. Water is also scarce and prisoner usually go for days without taking a bath or doing their laundry. The prison officials are aware of such accommodations but would rather attribute it to lack of funds rather than mismanagement. b. Personal hygiene, dothing and bedding Section 1, Article XII of the Rules for Treatment of Prisoners (1960) provides that a prisoner must be clean and orderly, everywhere and at all times, in his prison, clothes, bedding and dormitory. He shall be given the opportunity to b athe at least once a day. Section 1 of Article VI also describes the amount of clothing the penal institutions are supposed to provide for prisoners. The prison shall provide each prisoner with the following uniforms and equipments for which he or she shall be held accountable 3 suits or uniforms, 2 blankets, 1 pillow, 2 pillow cases As previously discussed, the facilities of the Philippine prisons, at least those we have visited, do not provide for a healthy hygienic atmosphere for the prisoners. Laundry detergents are used as soap in taking a bath. Adequate beddings contrary to the provision of the law, are not provided. Not enough clothing is given to prisoners, many have outgrown their clothes, some are even half-naked. For all the deficiencies, the prisoners families, funds of gang members usually attempt to provide and supplement. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 83 c. Food Section 20 of the Rules for Treatment of Prisoners (1960) describes what kind of food must be provided by the institution to the prisoners. 1. Every prisoner shall be provided by the administration at the usual hours with food of nutritional value adequate for health and strength, of wholesome quality and well prepared and served. 2. Drinking water shall be available to every prisoner whenever he needs it. Even the chickens do better. This is the usual comment of inmates of the New Bilibid Prison. The budget for food per day is supposed to be P4. 50 but according to the inmates we interviewed, only f1. 50 is actually spent. It is alleged that the difference is divided among prison officials for themselves. Here is the usual menu: 1. Breakfast one pandesal which is more often than not hard, leftover. With the pandesal is either sugar or coffee but never coffee with sugar. 2. Lunch rice, beans, okra or mongo with dark liquid which is supposed to be their soup. . Supper rice, 12 pieces of dilis or 2-3 pieces of tuyo. Prisoners complain of the rice as being rotten and usually with worms. They complain about the soup which tastes a little better than mud. Most of the time they have to repair the food by adding salt, vetsin, sugar and other food seasoning. The prisoners in the provincial, city and municipal jails eat at least more decent food than Bilibid inmates. It is a wish by the Bilibid prisoners that everyday would be the birthday of their Director so that they will have a chance to taste pork, good vegetables and chicken (even if wings only). d. Medical Services Section 221. At every institution shall be available the services of at least one qualified medical officer who has some knowledge of psychiatry. 2. Sick prisoners who require specialist treatment shall be transferred to specialized institutions or to civil hospitals where hospital facilities are provided, their supplies and equipment shall be proper for the medical care and treatment of sick prisoners and there shall be staff of trained officers. 84 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 The medical services offered by the prisons we visited is, to say the least, very inadequate for the ever growing number of prisoners. Management of medical services is below par. Medical officers are not always available to serve the needs of prisoners. Moreover, sick prisoners are not provided with their needed medicine by the prison authorities. In Bilibid, the group found out that aspirin is the most popular and the most versatile medicine, it is prescribed to prisoners with catarrh or gastro enteritis. Doctors are inadequate, one of the two psychiatrists of the RDC or the Reception and Diagnostic Center is even utilized as a regular doctor of the prison hospital. Only when the non-medical personnel observe that the prisoner badly needs a psychiatrist is the latter is borrowed from the hospital. In the provincial, city and municipal jails, medical services is a little bit better. Prisoners are taken to nearby government hospitals if they get sick although no medical attention is usually given to prevent the inmate from being afflicted with a disease or ailment. 2. Activities Prison Labor The main activities of the prisoners at the New Bilibid Prisons are gardening, hog-raising, cottage industries and the like. In the penal colonies, however, truly agricultural labor can be seen as the prisoners in our penal colonies plant rice, corn, etc. These activities are all prison labor, which should not be understood as that prison labor designed to be hard, harsh, monotonous and unpleasant in order to emphasize its essentially retributive and deterrent factors, but it should be understood in its modern day concept of being a means of treatment, contributing to the national growth, maintaining and increasing the prisoners ability to earn an honest living after release, and vocational training for young prisoners. Prison labor does not necessarily mean, therefore, working in the open field, tilling the land and planting different kinds of vegetables and other crops. Some who are skilled in making cottage industry products may also pursue this line of interest; others who find interest in handling machines and engines may also select this field of prison labor. It was said that no single phase of life within prison walls is more important to the public and to the inmate than efficient industrial operations and the intelligent use of the labor of prisoners. Indeed, prison labor, in its present-day context, should be helping the prisoners in reforming their lives inside in preparation for their eventual release. The monotony of being segregated from society would be diminished by a well-planned prison labor, the ultimate results being that the prisoners wilt not only be rehabilitated but will also contribute to the national economic growth. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 85 In the National Bilibi d Prison, it was noted that in most cases, only the minimum security prisoners are the ones performing the prison labor in the , fields. This is explainable by the fact that these prisoners are the least security risks among all prisoners. Field work ranges from planting different kinds of vegetables to raising hogs and other domestic animals. Proceeds from these go to the institution which in turn may be spent fo r its maintenance. The prisoners who perform the work receive very meager compensation, and only after six months of being permanently assigned to a definite work, subject to the condition that he maintains good conduct and shows interest and a definite degree of progress in the particular work assigned to him. It is however noted that this meager compensation is not directly received by the prisoner himself. Such are kept in trust for him by the institution, subject to the rules that only one half thereof may be utilized for purchases of the prisoners needs while the remainder shall be paid only upon release. Under some exceptional circumstances, however, if satisfactory reason of necessity for withdrawal is shown, then the Director of Prisons or the Superintendent may authorize the disbursement of any part of the amount retained. It is a fact that whenever one works, he expects a compensation commensurate to the work done. Interest in an endeavor is not total if there is no clear indication as to the receivable remuneration. It is however not expected that prison labor be compensated proportionately to the work done considering that the prisoners are also being housed and fed by the institution. However, a reasonable and just compensation under the present circumstances will alleviate the miseries of these prisoners, who, even though they are segregated from society for crimes done against it, should nevertheless be made to feel that they are still human beings. Education and Vocational Training Provision shall be made for further education of all prisoners capable of profiting therefrom. The education of illiterates and young prisoners shall be compulsory and special attention shall be paid to it by the institution. So far as practicable, the education of prisoners shall be integrated with the educational system of the country so that after their release they may continue their education without difficulty. Above provisions are taken from the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. It will be noted that youthful offenders and illiterate are the principal objects of this training although the inclusion of the adult prisoners is not precluded. In the National Bilibid Prisons, the eaucational training as intended by above rules is not at all a reality. Slow headway on the vocational training 86 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 however is evident, the only major setback being that there is lack of funds to equip such vocational training center. Hence, the prisoners only content themselves with what are readily available although such are not really their line of interest. It can be said that the inadequate education and vocational training devices employed by our present prison system do not at all help in rehabilitating our prisoners. It cannot be expected that the meager equipment in our present vocational centers will at all times have a strong impact on training our prisoners for the outside world, but to give justice to the efforts of our government may at least get something to start with. Recreation and Leisure-time Activities It is important that these activities should be well-implemented because the more a prisoner -works without any recreation at all, the more he feels bored and whenever a prisoner feels bored, he does anything or plans everything destructive to the institution and the society in general. Hence, it is provided in the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners that recreational and cultural activities shall be provided in all institutions for the benefit of the mental and physical health of the prisoners. It is expected that every morning at least, the prisoners should be sunbathing and doing some exercises outside their cells. There is no problem with the minimum security prisoners. However for those in the maximum security cells, this is not feasible due to the danger that riots might ensure. Facilities for outdoor games are present in the prison grounds. There are basketball courts to play at but apparently no ball is available. So that the main recreational activities of the prisoners are confined mostly inside their cells. They resort to playing cards and other games of chance because facilities for indoor games are absent. It cannot be denied that recreational activities are important to the prisoners morale and are significant to effective institutional discipline. Hence, selection of such activities that will truly interest the prisoners should be done effectively. It is a fact that prisoners use their leisure to more damaging effects than non-criminals, hence to avoid this it is important that prisoners should not be given the chance to habituate himself to sloth, vices and demoralizing associations. VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS If the main and sole purpose of our prisons is to segregate an offender from the rest of the society because that man is socially dangerous, then our prison system has fulfilled its purpose and it can be considered to be effective. We follow the classical school of penology that justifies imprisonment to punish the offenders. As a consequence, treatment of our prisoners is punitive and retributive. 1977] PIDLIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 87 There is however, a different kind of approach in dealing with such offenses that is gaining ground all over the world. Today, prisons are no longer thought of as solely established for the punishment of the offenders. Experience shows that this kind of approach only make men and women worse. The increasing number of recidivists, habitual delinquents and hardened criminals seems to suggest that the punitive approach fails in the achievement of a more lofty purpose, that is, the rehabilitation of the offender, so that he can be admitted to the mainstream of the free society again but this time a reformed and responsible man. Rehabilitation is the present trend of dealing with offenders. The individual responsibility of the offender is slowly being substituted with that of societys responsibility. It is argued that a person who does wrong should be punished but that punishment is not the ultimate goal. Punishment must not be too harsh, too inhuman to the extent of disregarding the basi
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